What is an Involuntary Downgrade?
An involuntary downgrade is a situation where the airline reassigns a higher class seat to a lower one. Downgraded passengers can go from first class or business class to economy, but can happen to any class when there is room for downgrading.
Passengers can be informed about this at any time before departure, but the most problematic downgrading happens at the last minute when there’s no time to make alternate plans easily.
What Causes Downgrades?
If you get downgraded, don’t take it personally. Any number of factors can contribute to airlines making these kinds of decisions. Let’s look at some of the most common reasons.
Changing Planes
Sometimes the aircraft that was intended for your scheduled flight has to be swapped out for another plane because of technical problems or a bird strike. When this happens, the new plane could be completely different from the original one with fewer seats or fewer premium seats. This could cause passengers to be downgraded.
Overbooked Flights
To maximize profits and efficiency, airlines frequently oversell flights in case some passengers don’t show up. However, this can backfire if all passengers arrive for boarding. When this happens to the premium cabin, passengers will be downgraded so that more people can be accommodated.
Segmenting Cabins
These days, airlines seem to be creating more and more fare classes. Because of this segmentation, it is easier for one class to be oversold and causing more seat downgrades as a result. For example, instead of using the four basic classes: First Class, Business, Premium Economy and Economy, some airlines also offer Basic Economy and Ultra Luxury classes.
Seats for Airline Crew
Pilots and crew members need to rest, especially on long-haul flights. In fact, they are required to do so in most countries. In the US, the Federal Aviation Administration requires these breaks, which means that premium seats may be needed for crewmembers. As a result, some passengers may be downgraded.
Find out if you are owed compensation for a disrupted flightCheck Your Flight
How Do Airlines Prioritize Downgrades?
Even though it may seem arbitrary, airlines have specific policies for dealing with downgrades. Usually, their decision is based on a combination of a passenger’s status as a frequent flyer, their seating class, and when they checked-in.
So, if you were a frequent flyer with Delta, for example, and you bought a seat in first or business class, then chances are you wouldn’t be downgraded. On the other hand, if you didn’t have status as a frequent flyer, booked a seat in business class and checked-in late, you might be bumped to coach if business class was oversold.
How Much Compensation Can You Get if You’re Downgraded?
Your rights for seating downgrades and the compensation associated with it will be different depending on where you’re traveling.
In the US, passenger rights are upheld by the US Department of Transportation, which states that US airlines, like Delta, must refund the difference in fare price to passengers whose seats have been downgraded involuntarily. The procedure for this varies among airlines, but you can find specifics about downgrades in the carrier's contract of carriage.
Pro Tip: If your seat is suddenly upgraded, you don’t have to pay the difference in price. So, if you bought an economy ticket and got upgraded to first class, you don’t owe anything to the airline even though there might be a considerable price difference.
Flights from Europe and the UK
For international flights from Europe and the UK, your air passenger rights for involuntary downgrades are protected by EU Regulation 261 (EU 261) and the UKs UK261 counterpart.
The rules of these regulations state that airlines may be required to compensate you between 30%-75% of the price you paid for your ticket if your original seat is involuntarily downgraded to a lower class. The actual amount is calculated based on the flight distance. In order to be eligible, you must be flying with an EU or UK carrier or departing from an airport in those regions.
The exact amount you could receive is determined by flight distance and must be provided to you within 7 days.
US Airlines: Downgrade Compensation Policies
While the DOT requires a refund of the fare difference, here’s how major US airlines handle downgrades in their contracts of carriage:
- Delta Air Lines: Passengers downgraded from First Class, Delta One, or Delta Premium Select to a lower cabin are refunded the fare difference for the affected portion of the journey. Refunds are generally processed back to the original form of payment within 7 business days. Delta’s Contract of Carriage specifies that compensation is based on the fare paid versus the lower cabin actually traveled.
- American Airlines: If you are downgraded from Flagship First, Flagship Business, or Premium Economy, American refunds the difference between the fare paid and the value of the downgraded cabin. Refunds may be automatic for involuntary downgrades, but passengers can also submit a request online. American clarifies that award tickets are refunded in miles or points, not cash.
- United Airlines: United’s policy is to provide a refund equal to the difference between the ticketed fare and the downgraded service class. This applies to downgrades from Polaris Business, Premium Plus, and other premium cabins. Refunds are usually credited to the original payment method; a refund request may be required if it’s not processed automatically.
- Southwest Airlines: Southwest generally operates an all-economy cabin, but on rare occasions when seating benefits (such as Business Select fares) cannot be honored due to equipment substitution, the airline refunds the difference in fare or provides travel credit.
- Alaska Airlines: If you’re involuntarily downgraded from First Class or Premium Class, Alaska Airlines entitles you to a refund of the difference in fare between the purchased class and the downgraded seat. Refunds are typically returned to the original form of payment.
- JetBlue Airways: Mint passengers downgraded to Core Economy are refunded the fare difference and may also be issued travel credits depending on circumstances. JetBlue specifies in its Contract of Carriage that refunds cover the affected flight segment; credits are discretionary and typically offered when disruptions are significant.
How Do You Get Compensated?
Airlines should reimburse you immediately for downgrades. This means that you should get cash compensation deposited to your bank account or issued to the credit card you used to buy your ticket. In some situations, this might take a few days, but carriers must refund you within 7 days of your flight.
You might also be offered vouchers or coupons, but be careful accepting these, and read all the details. It’s commonplace for vouchers to have restrictive policies and blackout dates, so be sure you know what you’re accepting.
Submitting a Compensation Claim
If you aren’t given the compensation you’re entitled to right away, you can make a claim with the airline. Go to their website and find their customer service information. You might need to provide your flight number, boarding pass, and ticket information to prove your case, so as soon as you find out your seat has been downgraded, make sure to keep track of any information that will help you support your claim.
Did you know you can get up to $650 if you were denied boarding for an oversold flight? You deserve compensation for the inconvenience. Find out if your flight is eligible.Check Your Flight
How to Avoid Involuntary Downgrades
You might not be able to avoid seating class downgrades all together, but here are some things you can do to prevent it from happening.
- Buy tickets early: The sooner you purchase your ticket, the less likely you are to be downgraded. Also, try to choose travel days that tend to have less traffic.
- Check in and arrive on-time: Many airlines will downgrade passengers who check in and arrive last, so be sure to check in early.
- Get airline status: Frequent flyers and airline loyalty members tend to avoid downgrades especially in cases where they purchased their ticket with cash and not points.
To Sum Up
Seating class and cabin section downgrades might be painful from a comfort perspective, but you don’t have to feel the pain in your wallet as well. The next time you’re faced with an unfortunate seat reassignment, remember to ask the airline about how soon you’ll see your reimbursement.
